FAU Advanced Health Assessment Practice Test

Which of the following describes a major effect of placental hormones during pregnancy?

1. Decreased lower esophageal sphincter tone

2. Increased tidal volume

3. Insulin resistance

4. Relative hypercortisolism

The correct answer is: Insulin resistance

Insulin resistance is a significant effect of placental hormones during pregnancy. As pregnancy progresses, the placenta produces hormones such as human placental lactogen (hPL) and estrogen, which interact with maternal insulin and lead to a state of insulin resistance. This physiological change allows for increased maternal blood glucose levels, ensuring an adequate supply of glucose to the developing fetus. While the body adapts to this resistance, it is crucial to note that this mechanism helps maintain proper fetal growth and development. The increased demand for nutrients from the fetus prompts these adaptations, emphasizing the necessity for sufficient energy regulation in the maternal system. In terms of context, the other options present various physiological changes that do occur during pregnancy but do not capture the primary hormonal impact on insulin resistance. For example, decreased lower esophageal sphincter tone can lead to gastroesophageal reflux but is not a direct effect of placental hormones. Similarly, increased tidal volume reflects respiratory changes during pregnancy due to mechanical pressure from the growing uterus, rather than a distinct action of placental hormones. Relative hypercortisolism may occur due to the stresses of pregnancy but does not represent a major hormonal effect directly attributed to placentation.